Why service matters
Service of process gives the other side formal notice of a case and a chance to respond. A court may refuse to move forward if service was not done properly. A judgment based on bad service can be undone later.
This is why courts care so much about who delivers papers and how.
Ask the clerk for the court's service rules in writing. Many courts publish a guide or checklist for people without a lawyer, and it is usually free.
You usually cannot serve your own case
In most courts, a party to the case cannot serve the papers. The server is usually an adult who is not a party to the case. Some courts allow a friend or relative who is not involved. Others require a sheriff, constable or a professional process server for certain cases.
Check your court's rules or ask the clerk what is allowed.
An adult friend who is not part of the case may be allowed in some courts. Even then, that person must complete the proof of service, and they could be called to testify if service is challenged.
Common methods
Personal delivery to the person is the standard. Substitute service, such as leaving papers with an adult at the person's home, is allowed in some situations. Mail service with a signed return is another option in some courts. Service by publication or other alternatives may need court permission.
Which method fits depends on the court and the type of case.
Time limits can be short. Some courts require service within a set period after filing. Note the deadline and plan extra days for delays.
Choosing a server
Pick someone who is reliable, calm and willing to follow instructions. They need the right papers, the right name and address, and a clear description or photo of the person if possible. They should not argue or trespass.
A professional can handle hard-to-find people and gives you a record of the attempts.
Mistakes to avoid
Serving the wrong papers, serving the wrong person, serving after a deadline, or failing to complete proof of service. Do not leave papers in a mailbox unless the rules allow it. Do not misrepresent who you are to get someone to accept papers.
If the other party is evading service, tell the court. Courts have options.
Keep a log of every attempt, including the date, time, address and what happened. A detailed log supports a request for alternate service if the person cannot be found.
Ask for help
Court self-help centers and legal aid organizations often explain these rules for free. For complex cases, ask an attorney. A process server cannot give legal advice.
Common questions
Can I mail the papers myself?
Only if your court's rules allow mail service, and usually someone other than you must do the mailing.
How long do I have to serve?
Deadlines vary by court and case type. Check the rules or ask the clerk right away.
This guide is general information, not legal advice. Fees and procedures change; check with the office involved or an attorney for your situation.